Hand Chart
There are a variety of hand trucks available and your needs will dictate which works for you, but we've rounded up a bunch of the best options below to make choosing one a doddle. Read full article Best overall. Cosco 12222PBG1E Shifter 300-Pound Capacity Multi-Position Heavy Duty Folding Dolly, Green hand.
Hand/Wrist/Arm Problems Pain and other problems in the hands, wrists and arms can be caused by injury, certain activities or other health problems. Follow this chart for for more information. Hand Size Charts. Child Size Chart. Hand circumference (in.) 5: 6: 6½. Originally Gantt charts were prepared laboriously by hand; each time a project changed it was necessary to amend or redraw the chart and this limited their usefulness, continual change being a feature of most projects. Nowadays, however, with the advent of computers and project management software, Gantt charts can be created, updated. Background: The first milestone in the history of scientific hand charts was established in 1963 when L.S. Penrose published his 'dermatogram', a.k.a. 'phantom picture', for Down syndrome (mongolism) describing stereotype patterns in multiple dimensions of the hand involving dermatoglyphics & creases - see picture on the right below.
- SLIDESHOW: 25 Hand Charts! -
(Charts are presented in alphabetic order by topic; all topics are listed below)
Background:
The first milestone in the history of scientific hand charts was established in 1963 when L.S. Penrose published his 'dermatogram', a.k.a. 'phantom picture', for Down syndrome (mongolism) describing stereotype patterns in multiple dimensions of the hand involving dermatoglyphics & creases - see picture on the right below.
Later likewise charts for the hands became available for many other syndromes, sometimes featured with characteristics related to other aspects of the hand morphology (often involving various aspects of the fingers such as: shape, lenght, nails).
The latest development concerns the fact that hand charts derived from scientific research are now also available for characteristic manifestations of normal psychology, involving the Big Five personality dimensions Conscientiousness, Extraversion & Neuroticism - see e.g. the three hand charts displayed at the bottom of this page.
This article presents 3 options to start browsing the hand maps (slideshow + links above and below), which so far include 5 dimensions of Big Five personality model, 1 disease & 23 syndromes.
What do these hand charts tell us?
Interestingly, all available scientific hand charts confirm the significance of the following essential no.1 rule, which describes the fundamental major principle where scientific hand reading begins:
'Any hand sign only bares significance for a specific theme when it's presence is combined with the presence of other hand signs that also bare significance for that same theme.'
This no.1 major principle presents the axiom (abstractly defined) which also provides the basis for the scientific hand reading system named Multi-Perspective Hand Reading!
Also, this no.1 rule is presented here as a starting point to browse the available hand charts (25 themes are included), which are presented below by alphabetical order:
Agreeableness Arthogryposis Conscientiousness Cri du chat syndrome Down syndrome Edwards syndrome Extraversion Fragile-X syndrome Holt-Oram syndrome Hypercalcemia Kabuki syndrome Klinefelter syndrome de Lange syndrome Neuroticism Openness Patau syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Rubella syndrome Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome Turner syndrome Williams syndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome XXYY syndrome XYY syndrome 18 deletion syndrome
A summary of the most significant hand sign combinations is presented for the individual conditions inside the article: Decoding the language of the hand!
NOTICE: Reflexology hand charts are not included because the scientific foundation of any of such charts is actually unknown; nevertheless, you can read more about the fundamentals of such charts HERE.
SCIENTIFIC HAND CHARTS: Introduction
Hand charts for Big Five personality dimensions:
• Hand chart(s) for Agreeableness (2x: 1 in 4 people)
• Hand chart(s) for Conscientiousness (2x: 1 in 4 people)
• Hand chart(s) for Extraversion (2x: 1 in 4 people)
• Hand chart(s) Neuroticism (2x: 1 in 4 people)
• Hand chart(s) Openness (2x: 1 in 4 people)
Hand charts for diseases:
• Hand charts for hypercalcemia (1 in 4,000 people)
Hand charts for syndromes:
• Hand charts for arthrogryposis (1 in 10,000 people)
• Hand charts for cri-du-chat syndrome (1 in 30,000 people)
• Hand charts for Down syndrome (1 in 700 live births)
• Hand charts for Edwards syndrome (1 in 6,000 live births)
• Hand charts for fetal alcolhol syndrome (1 in 500 people)
• Hand charts for fragile-X syndrome (1 in 5,000 people)
• Hand charts for Holt-Oram syndrome (1 in 100,000 live b.)
• Hand charts for Kabuki syndrome (1 in 32,000 people)
• Hand charts for Klinefelter syndrome (1 in 1000 males)
• Hand charts for de Lange syndrome (1 in 15,000 live births)
• Hand charts for Marfan syndrome (1 in 5,000 people)
• Hand charts for Patau syndrome (1 in 15,000 live births)
• Hand charts for Prader-Willi syndrome (1 in 15,000 births)
• Hand charts for Rubella syndrome (1 in 100,000 people)
• Hand charts for Rubinstein syndrome (1 in 200,000 births)
• Hand charts for SLOS (1 in 40,000 births)
• Hand charts for Turner syndrome (1 in 2,000 female births)
• Hand charts for Warkany syndrome (1 in 200,000 births)
• Hand charts for Williams syndrome (1 in 14,000 births)
• Hand charts for Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (1 in 50,000 b.)
• Hand charts for XXYY syndrome (1 in 30,000 male births)
• Hand charts for XYY syndrome (1 in 1,000 male births)
• Hand charts for 18 deletion syndromes (2 in 40,000 live b.)
NOTICE: Reflexology hand charts are not included in this section because the scientific foundation of any of such charts is actually unknown; nevertheless, you can read more about the fundamentals of such charts HERE.
Other charts & maps:
• Fingerprints world map
• Hand reading experts world map
• Hand reflexology charts
The lowly hand file, relied upon since the Stone Age, has been the tool of choice to smooth, hone, clean and deburr all kinds of materials for thousands of years.
Records show that ancient civilizations used handmade metal files and stone rasps. Leonardo da Vinci was among the first to design a machine to manufacture files. While da Vinci’s design was unsuccessful, Chopitel produced machine-cut files in France in the 18th century. At that time, files were made of soft iron and heated to harden or carburize the teeth.
Through the later work of men such as Bernot, Grobet, Nicholson, Whipple and Weed, machine-made files developed to the point where they were better than those produced by hand. Today, there are dozens of manufacturers producing hand files for both general and specific applications. Check out this file identification chart or keep reading to learn more about hand files
Looking for a new hand file? KMS Tools has a great selection. Shop now.
Hand File Anatomy
Several parts make up a file. The tang is the pointy end. It’s where you attach a wooden or plastic handle. Some files have built-in handles moulded over the tang. Others, like a farmer’s file, have wide, flat tangs that serve as handles. At the base of the tang is the heel. This is where the body of the file begins.
The next section is the belly or face, where all the cutting action happens. Some files have more than two bellies or faces, and can feature different tooth patterns on each. Similarly, the edges of a file can be smooth or have teeth. Smooth edges are also called safe edges. Depending on its shape or profile, a file can have flat edges, tapered edges or round edges.
Opposite the tang is the point. Strangely enough, the point is often quite square and rarely pointed. Yet the point is, in fact, the end you point at the work.
A file’s length is measured from the base of its heel to the end of its point. The tang or handle is not included when determining the length.
Cuts
Most hand files are classified as Swiss Pattern or American Pattern.
Texas Holdem Hand Chart
American Pattern files are available in three grades of cut: Bastard, Second Cut and Smooth. The length of a file also affects the coarseness, regardless of the cut. For example a 6″ Bastard Cut is a lot finer than a 12″ Bastard Cut. This is because shorter files are generally used for finer work. Overall, the finest would be a 4″ Smooth file and the coarsest would be a 16″ Bastard file. The relationship between the grades of coarseness for each length remains the same.
Swiss Pattern files, on the other hand, are available in seven cuts, ranging in coarseness from ØØ to No. 6, with No. 6 being the finest cut. Made to exacting measurements, these files are smaller and finer than American Pattern files. Swiss Pattern files are usually between 3″ and 6″ long, and are available in a wide range of fine cuts. With teeth that extend to the edge and narrow points for working in tight areas, Swiss Pattern files are ideal for detailed work, often used by jewellers, watchmakers, model makers, and tool and die makers.
A file’s face can be single cut or double cut. A single cut file has one set of teeth; a double cut file has two. Some files are single cut on one face and double cut—or even smooth—on the other.
Hand files are also categorized by profile, that is the shape of the file. Examples include flat, round, square, tapered, etc.
Choosing The Right Hand File
Although there are numerous sizes, shapes and types, files generally fall into one of the categories listed below. Within these categories, there are standard variations, each with a particular design. Remember, don’t feel limited by the listed applications—use whatever file works for your project. Check out our file identification chart to see how many different files are available.
American Pattern Files
Machinist’s Files
Generally, machinist’s files are double cut for rapid, maximum stock removal. These files are used in numerous applications and on most metals and are available in a variety of profiles and cuts.
Saw Sharpening Files
Saw files are usually single cut to deliver a smoother finish. They are suited to sharpening saw blades and dressing tool edges, especially where a finer, sharper edge or smoother surface finish is desired.
Special-Purpose Files
These are file-like tools that have been developed over time for specific applications or materials. Examples of special-purpose files include wood rasps, foam files and body filler files. Shape, tooth pattern and other material-specific criteria determine the optimum use for these files.
Swiss Pattern Files
Die-Sinker Files
Mini versions of machine and knife files, die sinker files are designed to dress and finish dies. They’re available with tangs for small handles and often come in sets that include a variety of profiles.
Die-Sinker Rifflers
Somewhat resembling dentists tools, rifflers have uncut middle sections, making them safer and more comfortable to handle. Rifflers have slender, narrow ends to facilitate fine detail work. There are two types of riffler files—die-sinker rifflers and silversmith rifflers, both available in a variety of patterns and shapes. Die-sinker rifflers tend to be smaller and finer—the tools of die-sinkers, jewellers and instrument makers. Silversmith rifflers have longer middle sections and wider ends.
Needle Files
Needle files feature a double cut pattern. Used by jewellers, die makers and other detail craftsmen, needle files come in 12 different shapes and feature long, knurled handles. Because of their diminutive size, some needle files have integrated plastic handles to decrease finger cramping, cuts and abrasions.
Filing Techniques
Filing is an industrial art. It’s not just rubbing the file back and forth. Every stroke should count and move you one step closer to a smooth, polished finish without gouges or abrasion marks.
There are three elemental filing techniques.
Straight filing is pushing the file lengthwise down the workpiece in a straight or slightly diagonal position. The cutting stroke is the push stroke. Done correctly, the return stroke shouldn’t touch the workpiece. Straight filing can deliver maximum material removal or smooth final finish. Sometimes, the shape of the material can make straight filing difficult or awkward.
Draw filing is another popular filing method. This involves holding the file at both the tang and the point, and pulling it across the workpiece towards you. Like straight filing, draw filing can provide maximum material removal or a smooth finish.
The third technique is lathe filing and, just as its name implies, is the process of stroking the file against a workpiece that is revolving in a lathe. This can be useful when truing a workpiece or for removing material. As with any application involving your hands and face, and revolving tools, lathe filing requires with much care and attention.
Filing Different Metals
Because different metals vary greatly in properties, consider the nature of the metal you’re working with when choosing the right file for the job. Soft, ductile metals require a keen edge and light pressure. Harder materials require duller teeth and more pressure.
Filing Stainless
Tough, dense and abrasive, stainless steel requires a file with good wearing qualities. Apply light pressure and a slow, steady stroke.
Filing Aluminum
Soft and difficult to file, aluminum easily clogs. Use an aluminum file, with a special cutting edge that breaks up the filings, prevents over filing, and helps reduce chattering. Apply a shearing stroke to the left for the best finish.
Filing Brass
Hand Chart Poker
Brass is difficult because it’s softer than steel, but tougher and harder than aluminum. Filing brass requires a sharp file with sturdy teeth and a cut that prevents grooving and running. Use a specifically designed brass file, and apply moderate pressure.
Filing Lead
Wear a Respirator! Soft materials such as lead, babbitt and copper present distinct filing conditions. Use a short, single cut file with stubby teeth. Apply normal pressure.
Filing Bronze
Similar to brass but dependent on the content of alloying elements. Cross the direction of the cutting stroke to avoid grooving.
Filing Wrought Iron
Wrought iron is soft and ductile and does not require a very sharp file for good results.
Filing Plastic
Hand Chart Reflexology
Hard plastic requires a file with high, sharp teeth. Soft plastics are filed in shreds, so a shear tooth file should be used in this application, as well as in other soft materials like aluminum, copper, hard rubber and wood.
Hand File Care
There are a number of simple steps you can take to ensure your files last a long time.
Hand Chart With Emotions Picture
Keep the pressure off. Apply only enough pressure to allow the file to do the work. Feel the teeth biting into the workpiece. Your movement should be fluid and smooth. Applying the correct pressure will also result in the fastest removal of material, even if it takes a few more strokes to get the job done. Soft material such as aluminum can clog cutting teeth, even when you use a file designed for aluminum and soft metals.
Protect the teeth. Tossing your files in with all your metal tools is not a good idea! Ideally, hang them up or keep them in a drawer with non-metallic dividers and enough room to fit without a lot of contact. Store them away from water, dirt, grease and filings.
Keep it clean and clear. Get a file card and use it while you file and after you’re done. A file card has rows of small, stiff wire that cleans debris from a file’s teeth. Remember that filing creates heat and filings are sharp. Cleaning your file by hand is one way to pick up a metal sliver. Instead, use a file card, which clears away filings before they get stuck in the file—or in your finger.
File Identification Chart
Here’s a handy chart that you can download. It shows the various types of hand files, organized by pattern and profile. Looking for a new hand file? KMS Tools has a great selection.